Hungary profile

Overview

In Hungary, final energy consumption has increased from 15.8 Mtoe to 18.0 Mtoe, i.e by 14% between 2000 and 2022. The residential sector has the biggest share, but its part has somewhat decreased over time (-3.4 percentage points to 33% in 2022). Transport is the second largest sector and its share has rapidly grown from 19% to 29.4% (+10.4 pp) between 2000 and 2022. However, it is still well below the EU average of 31% in 2022. Industry is ranking third with the rise of 2.7 pp point over the given period. The share of services has significantly decreased since 2000, while the share of agriculture also decreased slightly (from 4.2% to 3.1%).

Energy efficiency, measured by ODEX has improved annually by 1.3%/year from 2000 to 2022, i.e. by 25% over the entire period. The most significant improvement occurred in the services sector (52% or 3.3% on average per year) and in the industry sector (38% or 2.1%/year), while only a lower development can be seen in the residential sector (16% or 0.8%/year) and the transport sector (0.2%/year).

Hungary’s main energy efficiency target is that the country’s final energy consumption in 2030 does not exceed 740 PJ. We are looking at the feasibility of the indicative cumulative energy savings target of 484.6 PJ set in the new Energy Efficiency Directive, which could be achieved by a reduction of 126 PJ in final energy by 2030.To achieve these, Hungary has introduced EEOS, which was introduced in 2021 for electricity, natural gas and transport fuel sector. The rate of end-use energy savings in 2021-2030 is expected to achieve 0.8% per year compared to the average final energy consumption in 2016-2018 period. The most important energy efficiency measures are non- or partly refundable support schemes, outlined in the Operational Programmes (OPs), financed by EU Funds. The focus of the 5th priority axis of the Environmental and Energy Efficiency Operative Programme (KEHOP) is explicitly the improvement of energy efficiency. The TOP programme finances energy efficiency upgrades at local authorities. The GINOP programme has also sub-programmes that aim to promote energy efficiency in the enterprise sector. The various OPs target a wide range of consumer groups. Hungary is committed to allocating significant amount of RRF resource to energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements.

Buildings

Space heating accounted for 72% of final energy consumption of households in 2022, which is 8% points higher than the EU average. Nevertheless, there is a decreasing trend in energy consumption of space heating per m2 visible in the last ten years (-1.5%/year since 2012). Overall, it has decreased by 6.4% between 2000 and 2022, because of the lower growth rate of households heating energy consumption compared to the increase of occupied dwelling area size. There is a significant decrease visible in 2022 (-6.5%), due to the energy crisis.

Energy consumption in the household sector increased by 3.9% from 2000 to 2022 (+0.22 Mtoe). The main driving forces behind the consumption variation have been the increase in the stock of household appliances (+1.44 Mtoe), in the average size of homes (+0.6 Mtoe) and in the number of dwellings (0.43 Mtoe). On the other hand, energy savings, have contributed to lower the consumption by 1.05 Mtoe. A decrease of 1.23 Mtoe of the consumption was the result of changes in consumer behaviour, changes in fuel mix and other unknown effects and data problems.

Due to a diffusion of electrical appliances in offices an increasing trend of electricity consumption can be observed over the period 2000-2010. There was a data revision in 2012, which explains the large variation in 2012. Since 2012, a slight efficiency improvement is observed (3.6%/year in total energy consumption per employee and 1.7%/year for electricity between 2012 and 2022). 

The 2002/91/EC directive (EPBD) was implemented in Hungary by the 7/2006 (V.24.) TNM Decree and the 176/2008 (VI.30.) Governmental Decree. In 2008, a building certification scheme was introduced. Due to the new regulations, technical heat requirements became 30% stricter than before. The recast directive of 2010/31/EU introduced stricter requirements that were implemented through several amendments of the TNM decree. An important amendment of the decree in 2014 made the cost-optimal energy efficient requirement a pre-condition for obtaining funding from either state budget or EU funds. TNM decree was further amended with effect from 2021. All new-construction buildings to be commissioned after 30 June 2024 must comply with the requirements of Annex 6 (nearly zero-energy buildings). From November 2023, the TNM decree became null and void and was replaced by the 9/2023 (V.25.) ÉKM decree. On 1 January 2021 the government launched a scheme for subsidising home renovations carried out by households with at least one child. Half of the renovation costs up to a maximum of HUF 3 million per renovation will be covered by the state. 

Transport

The share of cars in the final energy consumption of transport increased by 4 percentage point from 48.6% in 2000 to 52.5% in 2022. The share of trucks and light vehicles remained stable over time around 40%. On the other hand, both bus and rail reduced their shares in transport consumption.

Between 2000 and 2022, the share of cars in passenger traffic has significantly increased from 59.8% to 74.4%, (+14.6 pp), while passenger rail traffic declined by 17% (-4.5 pp for its share in traffic) and also bus traffic decreased by 20.5% (-10 pp). The share of public transport fell heavily with the growth of individual traffic (-14.5 pp). Since 2020, public transport decreased due to COVID effect (- 2.5 pp).

Freight traffic (in tonne-km) has been rapidly growing by 60% in the period 2000-2022. The share of freight traffic on road increased from 63.5% in 2000 to 69.8% in 2022, while the share of rail transport decreased from 33% to 26.6%. The share of goods transported on water is below 5%.

Energy consumption of transport grew by 2.28 Mtoe (+75%) in the period of 2000-2022. The rise was mainly due to increased traffic for passenger and freight (“activity”) (+1.47 Mtoe) and to the growing share of car in passenger traffic and road in freight traffic (“modal shift”) (+0.5 Mtoe). These two effects were only in a small part compensated by energy savings (-0.19 Mtoe).

Measures targeting the transport sector include the Jedlik Ányos Plan supporting electro-mobility, a toll road system, various transport infrastructure projects, electric vehicle purchase support and infrastructural development projects in Operational Programmes, financed by European Union Funds. The development of infrastructure for bicycle also played a role. In 2020 a tender for supporting the purchase of bicycles with auxiliary electric motors was created to fulfil the objectives of the Climate and Nature Protection Action Plan. In addition, several other electric vehicle purchase support schemes have been running. 

Industry

Energy consumption in industry increased by 30%, at an annual average rate of 1.2% between 2000 and 2022. It increased steadily from 2010 to 2020 although with breaks in 2020 due to the COVID and in 2022 due to reduced demand caused by high energy prices.

Specific energy consumption per tonne of steel production has decreased by 15%, at an annual average rate of 0.8% between 2000 and 2022. The unit consumption was 0.33 toe/tonne in 2022. Specific energy consumption per tonne of paper production decreased by 10%, at an annual average rate of 0.5%.

Final energy consumption in industry increased by 0.95 Mtoe from 2000 to 2022, mostly caused by growth in industrial activity (+2.82 Mtoe). This was partly compensated by efficiency improvements of production and processes (-1.56 Mtoe). The economy has been continuously restructured from the 90’s by less energy intensive branches gaining larger share. Structural changes continued in the 2000’s, and to a smaller extent also after 2010, contributing to a decrease of energy consumption by 1.01 Mtoe.

The Energy Efficiency Act of 2015 includes mandatory audit for large enterprises, the mandatory appointment of an energy manager in large energy consuming enterprises, and a corporate income tax incentive introduced in 2017 for the implementation and operation of investments aimed at improving energy efficiency. The Economic Development and Innovation Operational Programme finances energy efficiency measures for SMEs. In addition, EEOS was introduced in 2021, its effect is likely to be measurable through statistical data released on the upcoming years.